Azmil Mustafa tersebutlah kisah.........

"Sesungguhnya Allah tidak akan mengubah
nasib sesuatu kaum sehingga mereka
mengubah keadaan yang ada pada diri mereka
sendiri"
Surah Ar-Ra’d (ayat 11)

Di bulan yang mulia ini, aku pasang niat nak berhijrah. walaupun tiap2 tahun nawaitu aku sama je.....tp x jugak berhijrahnye.....tetap ngan diri aku yang asal. nawaitu hanya tinggal nawaitu. tapi disini aku ingin mengajak membe2 sume termasuk aku sendiri hayati kisah di bawah ni.....

Azmil Mustafa.......salah seorang yang aku ikuti kisah hidup beliau. aku suka sebenarnye kisah-kisah penghijrahan diri mentaqwakan diri pada Allah. Dari buruk ke baik, dari baik ke yang lebih baik. Bila la aku nak jd cam Azmil Mustafa ni...Apapun, semoga kita sentiasa berada didalam rahmatNya....InsyaAllah.

Bermula dengan cerita ini Ali Setan ini.

APABILA disebut nama Azmil Mustapha , majoriti generasi muda tidak akan dapat mengecam siapa orangnya. Tetapi sebut saja Ali Setan , 'berkat' daripada siaran ulangan filem tersebut di kaca televisyen , semua orang tidak kira yang kecil atau dewasa dari kalangan peminat filem Melayu pasti mengenal pelakon tersohor Malaysia dekad 80-an ini. Azmil, 55 (umur yang dikira beliau mengikut takwim hijri 22 Safar 1375H) adalah antara sebilangan artis di Malaysia yang melakukan 'penghijrahan' daripada kehidupan yang penuh 'lagha' kepada pengabdian diri kepada Allah. Penampilan terakhirnya adalah sebagai Pengiran Demak dalam filem 'Puteri Gunung Ledang'; watak yang diilakonkan setelah syarat-syaratnya yang ketat diterima penerbit. Duda (mempunyai seorang anak dengan bekas isteri pertama dan empat dengan isteri kedua) dari Shah Alam, Selangor ini telah musafir ke Syria sejak setahun lalu untuk mempelajari bahasa Arab dan ilmu agama. Wartawan Global Media Channel (GMC) berkesempatan menemuramah Azmil di Kota Bharu (beliau kembali ke Malaysia sempena cuti semester pengajiannya) yang hadir memenuhi undangan untuk menyampaikan ceramah kesedaran Islam anjuran PAS Kawasan Ketereh.

Kenapa saudara memilih untuk ke Syria?

Saya buat solat hajat, minta dengan Allah, saya nak cari tempat belajar, Allah berikan petunjuk belajar di Syria. Dengan duit yang saya dapat dari menyampaikan ceramah-ceramah kesedaran Islam sebelum itu di Malaysia, saya terbang ke Syria dengan anak-anak saya. Saya belajar Bahasa Arab di Maahad Taalim Lughatal Arabiah Lil Ajnabi (Institut Pengajian Bahasa Arab Bagi Orang Asing).Kalau saya terus masuk kelas (pengajian agama) anjuran syeikh-syeikh pun saya tak reti Bahasa Arab. Jadi saya belajar Bahasa Arab dahulu. Sementara itu saya belajar Al-Quran, tajwid dan tasmi' dengan syeikh-syeikh. Saya juga belajar dengan pelajar-pelajar Malaysia yang ada di Syria.

Sejak bila sebenarnya saudara ke sana ?

Sudah setahun. Saya pergi redah sahaja. Tak ada buat rancangan. Dengan empat orang anak saya turut bersama (tiga perempuan dan seorang lelaki). Yang sulung kemudiannya balik untuk mengambil peperiksaan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) di sini. Jadi kekallah tiga orang yang tinggal bersama saya di sana. Anak saya Noramalia Batrisya ,15, dan Mohd. Bazli Shafri, 13, belajar di Jami' Abu Nur, sebuah kolej Islam antara yang termasyhur di Syria. Yang kecil baru masuk umur tujuh tahun dan belajar di darjah satu. Enam bulan pertama mereka dimasukkan dalam kelas bahasa Arab. Tidak ada masalah untuk mereka mengikuti pengajian dan sekarang sudah fasih berbahasa Arab. Saya amat puas hati dengan perkembangan mereka.

Puas hati macam mana?

Dengan perubahan perwatakan. Di Malaysia, dekat Shah Alam tempat kami tinggal dahulu banyak pengaruh yang tidak sihat. Cara hidup moden . Tapi di sana mereka mengaji Quran tiap-tiap hari, solat tidak tinggal dan pergaulan dijaga. Malah mereka sempat menasihati kakak yang pulang ke Malaysia "jangan tengok lelaki" bukan berkawan, tengok pun mereka tak bagi. Di sana pergaulan antara lelaki dan perempuan amat dibatasi. Kita payah nak lihat pergaulan secara bebas berlaku . Duduk satu meja pun tak ada. Kalau di Yaman, negeri yang berjiran dengan Syria, dalam bas kalau hanya ada seorang wanita yang menjadi penumpang , yang lelaki tidak akan naik dan sanggup tunggu bas yang lain datang untuk dinaiki. Bimbang timbul fitnah walaupun hanya sebagai penumpang. Masing-masing sangat prihatin untuk menjaga perkara ini.
Antara perubahan yang ketara saya dapat lihat adalah pada anak perempuan saya, Noramaliya. Dia sebenarnya pelajar yang lemah. Semasa bersekolah di Malaysia, biasanya dia mendapat kedudukan 35 ke bawah. Dulu tinggal di Shah Alam, dia selalu ponteng sekolah. Tengok wayang di KLCC.Pergi ke sekolah tapi dalam beg ada pakaian lain untuk ditukar. Itu dah memang menjadi tabiat pelajar sekolah di Malaysia.
Sampai di Syria, dia jadi pelajar yang terbaik. Padahal dalam kelas ada pelajar-pelajar luar negara yang lain seperti dari England, Afrika Selatan, Kazakhstan , China dan lain-lain. Dia yang muncul pelajar terbaik

Bagaimana saudara menyara kehidupan di Syria?

Tidak ada pendapatan tetap tapi saya sangat bernasib baik kerana mendapat bantuan. Saya diberi tempat tinggal percuma oleh seorang Syeikh di sebuah apartmen di pinggir Damsyik. Saya akui duit pun tak banyak tapi diam tak diam sudah sampai setahun saya di sana dan tidak timbul sebarang masalah besar. Kita kena yakin rezeki itu datang daripada Allah. Ada saja duit yang masuk. Sentiasa ada bantuan diterima kerana saya dan anak-anak dikira orang yang sedang menuntut ilmu. Malah ia sampai ke tahap saya kadang kala terpaksa buang makanan yang diberi oleh jiran kerana terlampau banyak. Dan di sana kita yang pergi belajar dengan Syeikh ini bukan kita yang membayar Syeikh tapi mereka pula yang memberi duit pada kita. Perkara ini sudah jadi kebiasaan orang Syria . Jika tidak pun, dia akan beri kita roti setiap kali pergi belajar. Pergi solat Jumaat pun dapat duit. Budaya memberi amat dititikberatkan. Paling kurang, yang dewasa akan menyediakan gula-gula dalam poket untuk diberi kepada kanak-kanak. Saya juga terkejut kerana kadang-kadang menerima sumbangan yang nilainya mencecah RM1000. Kalau yang kaya lebih lagilah mereka sumbangkan. Anak kepada Syeikh yang menyediakan rumah percuma untuk saya pernah menyumbang jutaan ringgit kepada fakir miskin dalam bulan Ramadhan.

Kenapa saudara fikir perubahan-perubahan positif sama ada kepada anak atau saudara sendiri boleh berlaku? Adakah perbezaan antara Syria dan Malaysia ini begitu ketara sekali sedangkan kedua-duanya adalah bumi orang Islam?

Bumi Syria ini ada kelebihan. Saya daripada kecil sampai besar memang belajar di sekolah yang tidak berasaskan kepada Islam. Saya menuntut di dua buah sekolah mubaligh Kristian iaitu La Salle Institution dan St John Institution. Dari situ saya menyambung pula pelajaran ke Indiana University di Amerika. Daripada kecil sehingga dewasa, saya tidak pernah belajar dan khatam al-Quran. (Di Amerika , Azmil belajar dengan pengkhususan dalam penerbitan televisyen, radio dan filem. Beliau hanya tinggal tiga lagi jam kredit untuk dihabiskan sebelum dihantar pulang ke Malaysia oleh Jabatan Imigresen Amerika. Tindakan itu diambil ketika Amerika membuat penapisan orang-orang Islam dari negara luar berikutan kemenangan kumpulan Islam (Syiah) menjatuhkan kerajaan beraja Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Azmil dikesan bekerja sambilan walaupun syarat hanya membenarkan pelajar luar yang mempunyai 12 kredit atau lebih sahaja untuk berbuat demikian. Ayahnya Dato? Mustapha Kamil Yassin, bekas pensyarah di Universiti Malaya dan Universiti Sains Malaysia tidak mahu Azmil mengambil biasiswa kerana kedudukannya sebagai kakitangan kerajaan gred A
Mula-mula saya berubah dulu nak baca surah al- Fatihah pun tak boleh. Kena baca mengikut tulisan rumi. Nak sembahyang semua ayat kena ditulis ke huruf rumi. Tak pernah dapat hafal. Sehinggalah apabila saya ke Syria. Di sana, anak-anak saya belajar Al-Quran dengan seorang syeikhah (ustazah) di rumahnya. Selepas sebulan syeikhah tersebut datang melawat ke rumah. Dia mahu melihat keadaan keluarga macam mana. Bila datang dia meminta saya mengajar anak-anak. Dia suruh saya baca satu surah. Bila "check" ayah baca pun tak betul, dia pun minta anak muridnya yang lain tolong ajarkan anak-anak saya. Tapi alhamdulillah berkat mengaji tiap-tiap pagi, kini saya sudah boleh menghafal satu, dua muka surat dengan senang. Ini memang saya pelik. Saya rasa ini memang kesan tinggal di bumi Syam (Syria), bumi para anbiya'.
Dahulu negara ini tertutup. Sebab ia mengikut pengaruh Rusia. Jadi negara lain menyisihkannya. Apabila Syria disisihkan, ia sebenarnya terselamat. Macam di Malaysia, apabila dibuat dasar terbuka, semua pengaruh dapat masuk, ia merosakkan kita. Budak-budak sekarang budaya sendiri pun tak kenal . Dan dia tak mahu ikut. Dia lebih seronok ikut budaya asing, budaya Barat. Budaya ini di Melayukan dengan bahasa. Tapi isinya tetap dari pengaruh yang menyimpang dari ajaran Islam.

Adakah kerana saudara bimbangkan keadaan begini sehingga sanggup membawa anak-anak jauh dari Malaysia ?

Sebab benda inilah saya bawa anak-anak keluar. Bila saya bawa anak-anak keluar, ada kawan-kawan yang tegur saya " Jadi anak kamu ini tidak ada SPM. Macam man nak cari kerja?" Saya jawab balik, "Rezeki itu kerana Allah bukan kerana SPM". Orang ada SPM pun berlambak tak ada kerja. Ada ijazah UM pun tak ada kerja. Ada Master USM pun tak kerja. Kita kena ingat rezeki itu dari Allah. Sekarang anak-anak saya sudah hafal Juzuk Amma. Saya percaya dalam tiga empat tahun lagi, Insya Allah satu Quran tu dpat habis dihafal. Itu lebih berharga. Kalau dia jadi arkitek atau jurutera tapi Quran pun tak tahu buat apa. Macam saya dulu jadi pengarah filem tapi Quran pun tak tahu, buat apa?

Memberi pendidikan Islam pada anak-anak sehingga sampai berhijrah ke Syria. Orang lain mungkin tak berpeluang berbuat demikian macam saudara?

Saya rasa kalau kita ajar anak kita cara Islam tak ada kekurangannya bagi saya. Malahan Allah mungkin akan mecurahkan kemudahan kepadanya. Sekarang kita kongsi raya, kia kongsi hukum, kongsi taraf atau standard Islam dengan yang lain. Kita membandingkan ajaran Islam dengan yang Barat. Kalau tak seperti Barat, kita anggap standard kurang. Kita campur aduk hukum Allah dengan hukum kafir. Inilah yang saya nampak masalah kita pada hari ini. Ini pun nak berlaku di Syria pada hari ini. Kalau di negara kita lama dah dijajah 500 tahun dahulu dan kita masih ?terjajah?. Syria ini dia baru terbuka tak sampai 10 tahun. Jadi generasi dia sekarang dia baru rosak. Kalau kita di Malaysia, kerosakan bermula sejak dari generasi bapa kita dahulu. Mareka agungkan England dan Amerika. Tetapi bagi saya , kalau orang Syria nak ikut barat pun, agaknya kena juga dengan fizikal mereka itu. Tapi kita Melayu pun nak mata warna biru, rambut warna perang. Tak kenalah. Nampak janggal sangat kalau yang Melayu nak tiru.

Bagaimana kita hendak menghadapi perubahan budaya sebegitu ?

Di Syria, guru-guru yang pegangannya kuat masih bertahan. Kita di Malaysia, lebih banyak yang kebaratan daripada Islam. Kita di sini mereka yang nak kepada Islam sedikit, yang nak kepada barat banyak. Dari sekolah itu yang diajar. Supaya kita bersedia dengan pengaruh dan sistem barat. Sekolah-sekolah kita, tamat persekolahan kita berpeluang belajar sampai ke universiti di Amerika, di England. Tetapi kalau kita keluar dari pondok atau sekolah agama, peluang sambung belajar itu tidak seberapa. Apa yang kita lakukan adalah untuk menyesuaikan diri kepada budaya barat. Dan ini kita tak sedar. Kita seolah-olah nak menyediakan diri masuk ke institusi dan sistem yang kerap kalinya meruntuhkan jati diri Islam.. Dan yang peliknya, orang tidak bimbang kalau yang keluar tingkatan enam sekolah biasa tak boleh baca Alif Ba Ta. Nak masuk sekolah tahfiz pun payah sebab tak kenal huruf walaupun tamat tingkatan enam. Benda ni dah berlaku sejak zaman dulu lagi dan kita tidak sedar.
Saya cakap kepada seorang sahabat di Syria kenapa kamu ghairah nak buka peluang kepada barat. Saya dah tengok keadaan di negara saya apa yang berlaku. Dia kata mereka pun nak moden. Moden apa? Moden nak tengok anak-anak terbuang di tong sampah. Moden nak tengok anak-anak mati sia-sia kerana terlibat denbgan lumba haram. Itu moden buat apa. Pembangunan sedemikian yang membangun hanya bangunan dan jalan raya. Akhlak runtuh. Akhlak diruntuhkan kerana nak mencantikkan bangunan dan jalan. Sebab itu fikirlah, kerana tak ke mana kita dengan pembangunan sebegitu.Kenapa remaja dan kita sendiri sebenarnya cenderung untuk meminati budaya hiburan? Sebab memang sudah disediakan sejak daripada dulu. Pendidikan dan cara hidup disediakan untuk membolehkan anak-anak bersedia menerima sistem yang menyimpang dari bukan untuk menjadi hafiz atau ulama'. Penyediaan dilakukan untuk membawa masyarakat ke arah keseronokan. Kalau kita tengok babak dalam filem Melayu, babak minum arak , berdansa, sejak dari zaman P Ramlee sudah ada. Sejak sekolah lagi , anak-anak dibiasakan dengan budaya Barat. Ada sukan gimnastik sampai terkangkang anak-anak diajar guru; sukan renang, jadi separuh bogel. Kita disediakan untuk menerima budaya barat. Mana kita amalkan hukum syariah ? Itu masalah kita.Pada pandangan saudara, masalah keruntuhan akhlak ini bagaimana nak diselesaikan? Sekarang kita taat pada hukum yang tidak berpaksikan Islam. Undang-undang yang dimulakan oleh British dahulu. Cuba kita gunakan hukum syariah, saya percaya gejala sosial yang teruk dalam negara dapat dikurangkan sebab kita menyediakan masyarakat untuk ke akhirat. Sekarang kalau membabitkan hukum Allah, ia dikira hak persendirian. Anda hendak buat atau tidak, itu pilihan anda sendiri.Tapi mereka (kerajaan) tak galakkan pun. Itulah masalah sekarang.

Bagaimana kita nak menyedarkan masyarakat?

Islam ini mesti dijalankan bermasyarakat. Tapi tanggungjawab itu tetap pada diri sendiri. Kita sendiri mesti mulakan dahulu . Contohnya kita dilatih berpuasa sama ada di dalam atau dil luar rumah. Walau di mana pun kita tahu Allah melihat.
Sebab itu kita kena buat pilihan. Dua sahaja pilihan kita. Sama ada ikut jalan Allah atau ikut syaitan.Tidak ada jalan tengah. Tidak ada kompromi. Setiap benda yangt berlaku dalam masyarakat dunia hari ini kita kena buat pilihan antara yang benar dengan yang tidak. Gunakan akal. Islam ini agama untuk yang tahu berfikir. Bukan taat buta tuli. Kalau kita gunakan akal fikiran baru kita sedar. Kita kena fikir tentang keesaan Allah. Ini yang kita kena ajar anak-anak. Sekarang apa yang diajar kena cari duit banyak-banyak. Bila ikut cara Islam barulah ada keberkatan.

Berbalik kepada dunia hiburan, adakah tidak ada ruang sebenarnya untuk ia menjadi lebih baik?

Boleh kalau industri kita industri yang beriman. Tapi industri kita meniru Bollywood, Hollywood, Hong Kong dan lain-lain. Kita menuju ke arah keruntuhan. Ini yang bahayanya.


Nasihat kepada rakan artis

Pendek sahaja ; Allah melihat apa yang kamu buat.

WILD WATER RACING

Slalom

 

            










           







Pertandingan dimana peserta harus melalui palang (gate) pada jumlah tertentu. Pertandingan biasanya dikawasan arus deras dan kayak haruslah melalui palang tanpa melanggarnya. Masa penalti akan diberikan sekiranya kayak tersentuh palang atau tidak melalui palang (misses a gate).

 

Ender

      

          













 Dilakukan dengan menenggelamkan “bow” dalam arus deras bertujuan supaya kayak bergerak secara menegak.

Spinning

 

Melibatkan putaran kayak bersesuaian dengan keadaan arus deras semasa berkayak.

  

 

THE HISTORY OF EYES SURGERY

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Today we always talk about the technology where make our live easy. The sophisticated technology today separated the whole world, and in the medical especially also move fast together with other development. Medicals are most important for our life, it’s because our healthy depends on a medical. Beside that, medical always bring chance for who concern about life and make our life always in the level of success. To achieve the purpose of medical field, those have been responsibility in this area always thinks the better technology or way to solve the various health problem happen today. Many researchers try to find the new technology in the medical where always satisfy our necessary. In the medical area, eye surgery gives more impact to us by helping who have the eye problem. For most people, vision is a simple matter; we move our eyes, roll them at our lecturers, and move them in all environments, whether bright or dismally dark, always without much complaint.

However, as people age, they often experience degeneration in their eyes, commonly in the form of floaters. The back regions of the eyes are made of a watery fluid called vitreous humor. When we age, the cells making up the membranes will commonly become detached and these small pieces of membrane, which are clumps of cells, will join the fluid, and can obstruct our vision. This has earned them the term floaters, because people see them floating in their range of vision. An eye is very important for a person. Without eyes we can’t see the beauty of a world, without eyes we cannot walk as free as always and without healthy eyes we can’t see things as clear as normal guy. Unhealthy eyes will burden our life instead of our body. It is because impulses that come from the things that eyes see cannot be translate by brain and the feedback that given from brain to eyes also maybe wrong. A  Improvement in this situation always done to be satisfied our medical need. Eye surgery was started long time ago from the traditional method until now by the new technology.

2.0       THE HISTORY OF EYE SURGERY

Ancient surgical method started from community in earliest Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India where they keenly tried to cure eye diseases. In those days, cataract and glaucoma were the two main diseases that had recognized to cures. Shushruta, a learned ‘medicine man’ (8^th century BC) is thought to be the first person to treat cataract.  His method of ‘couching’ involved the pushing of the cataractous lens out of the way by laying it down along the side of the posterior chamber. After that, the same technique to treat cataract had been followed by the Greek scholar Celsus, who lived during the 1^st century AD. He also imported ‘lycium’, a herb from India, to treat eye illnesses such as conjunctivitis.  This herb was in use as recently as the 1800s.  Hippocrates, another Greek scholar, from the 5^th century BC describes various surgical instruments, made of tin, used to accomplish the task.

After Hippocrates the Greeks made the distinction between curable and incurable cataract, the latter of which was associated with glaucoma (meaning ‘greenish’).  Though it was generally believed that glaucoma was caused due to some affliction of the vitreous humor, it wasn’t until 1622 when Richard Banister used the ‘hardness of the eye’ as a measure.  Hippocrates also performed vitrectomy- the removal of the vitreous humor- to cure some illnesses, which may have included retinal detachment.  Though refractive surgery was far fetched during this time, it is interesting to note the controversy surrounding the discovery of glasses.  The Roman tragedian, Seneca, supposedly read all the books of Rome by peering through a globe of water for magnification.  The reading stone was developed in 1000 AD, the Chinese used glasses 2000 years earlier (but only for cosmetic purposes), and many ancient Romans talk of using glasses to cauterize wounds and to erase writing from wax.  But the first spectacles were made by the Italians around the 1270s.

The largest stride in the development of eye surgery before our own time was made during the Renaissance period- between the 13^th and 18^th centuries AD.  The ‘couching’ technique for the removal of cataract was used all the way till the end of the Daviel’s method of cataract extraction (1748) 16^th century.  The radical break came with the method of Daviel in 1748, which is essentially the method in use today.  Brisseau, St. Yves and Petit saw the possibility of removing the lens a few years earlier.  Yet, for another 100 years or more the couching method was continued all over the world. 

Mooren’s iridectomy in 1864 led to the modern method of cataract surgery. Iridectomy was also used as a cure for glaucoma.  An incision was made in the iris to facilitate the flow of humor from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber thereby releasing the forward pressure on the iris.  Tonometers were used extensively since the mid 1800s to detect glaucoma by measuring the corneal pressure.

Clearly, the modern development of surgical methods was spearheaded by the development of sophisticated instruments.  Carefully crafted optical systems, surgical tools and the development of artificial light sources led to the invention of the ophthalmoscope, refractometer, isoscope (to measure astigmatism), tonometer and other instruments.  These led to the accurate diagnosis of eye diseases.  Brucke and Kussmaul came close to developing the ophthalmoscope, but Helmholtz in 1850 finally invented the ophthalmoscope.  Early illustrations of eye diseases were possible because of what the doctor saw through the ophthalmoscope.

By the early 1900s the development of lens implants had begun due to the development in plastics.  By 1930 cataract surgeries involved the replacement of the cataractous lens with that of a plastic one.  In 1968 ultrasound was used to remove the cataractous lens.  By 1964 over 6 million people were wearing contact lenses made of plastic, which were much more tolerable than the earlier glass ones.  The development of the laser resulted in the revolution that we are witnessing today. 

3.0       THE HISTORY OF LASIK SURGERY

LASIK or Lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) is a type of refractive laser eye surgery performed by ophthalmologists for correcting myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. The procedure is generally preferred to photorefractive keratectomy, PRK, (also called ASA, Advanced Surface Ablation) because it requires less time for the patient's recovery, and the patient feels less pain overall. However, there are instances where a PRK/ASA procedure is medically justified as being a better alternative to LASIK.

The LASIK technique was made possible by the Colombia-based Spanish ophthalmologist Jose Barraquer, who, around 1950 in his clinic in Bogotá, Colombia, developed the first microkeratome, used to cut thin flaps in the cornea and alter its shape, in a procedure called keratomileusis. Stephan Schaller assisted in this landmark procedure. Barraquer also researched the question of how much of the cornea had to be left unaltered to provide stable long-term results.

The general term for changing a patient's optical measurements by means of an operation is Refractive Surgery. Later technical and procedural developments included RK (radial keratotomy), developed in Russia in the 1970s by Svyatoslav Fyodorov, and PRK (photorefractive keratectomy), developed in 1983 at Columbia University by Dr. Steven Trokel, "the father of laser vision correction," who not only published the first article on laser correction but was also granted patents on laser surgery by the U.S. Patent Office. (RK is a procedure in which radial corneal cuts are made, typically using a micrometer diamond knife, and is completely different from LASIK).

In 1968 at the Northrup Corporation Research and Technology Center of the University of California, Mani Lal Bhaumik and a group of scientists were working on the development of a carbon-dioxide laser. Their work evolved into what would become the Excimer laser. This type of laser would become the cornerstone for refractive eye surgery. Dr. Bhaumik announced his team's breakthrough in May 1973 at a meeting of the Denver Optical Society of America in Denver, Colorado. He would later patent his discovery.

The introduction of lasers in refractive surgeries stemmed from Rangaswamy Srinivasan's work. In 1980, Srinivasan, working at IBM Research Lab, discovered that an ultraviolet Excimer laser could etch living tissue in a precise manner with no thermal damage to the surrounding area. He named the phenomenon Ablative Photodecomposition (APD). Stephen Trokel published a paper in the American Journal of Ophthalmology in 1983 outlining the potential benefits of using the Excimer laser in refractive surgeries. The first patent for laser correction of the cornea using an Excimer laser was granted to Dr. Steven Trokel.

The first patent for LASIK was granted by the U.S. Patent Office to Dr. Gholam A. Peyman on June 20, 1989, U.S. Patent #4,840,175, "Method for modifying corneal curvature," encompassing the surgical procedure in which a flap is cut in the cornea and pulled back to expose the corneal bed. The exposed surface is then ablated to the desired shape with an Excimer laser, after which the flap is replaced.

The first FDA trial of the Excimer laser was started in 1989. The laser was unavailable to any doctor other than the ten selected by the FDA for the Visx trials. The first use of the laser was to change the surface shape of the cornea, known as PRK. Dr. Joseph Dello Russo was one of the ten original FDA researchers who tested and got approval for the Visx laser. The LASIK concept was first introduced by Dr. Palliakaris in 1992 to the group of ten surgeons who were selected by the FDA to test the Visx laser at 10 centers in the U.S.

Dr. Palliakaris theorized the benefits of performing PRK after the surface was raised in a layer to be known as a flap performed by the Mikrokeratome developed by Barraquer in 1950. The blending of a flap and PRK became known as LASIK, which is an acronym. It quickly became very popular, since it provided immediate improvements in vision and involved much less pain and discomfort than PRK.

Today, faster lasers, larger spot areas, bladeless flap incisions, intraoperative pachymetry, and wavefront-optimized and -guided techniques have significantly improved the reliability of the procedure compared to that of 1991. Nonetheless, the fundamental limitations of Excimer lasers and undesirable destruction of the eye's nerves have spawned research into many alternatives to "plain" LASIK, including LASEK, Epi-LASIK, sub-Bowman’s Keratomileusis aka thin-flap LASIK, wavefront-guided PRK and modern intraocular lenses.

This laser technique is small, but is gaining popularity. Most eye doctors are not familiar with the technique, but it is gaining more acceptance in the scientific community, as over 90% success rates have been reported. Because it has minimal side effects, and no damage to the retina have been reported in any eyes treated by the technique, laser eye surgery is now seen as a good breakthrough in destroying eye floaters.

Currently, the procedure has not been investigated thoroughly in peer-reviewed scientific journals and it is only performed by a handful of surgeons. Because it is a simple in-patient procedure that requires minimal risk, it will most likely be seen as a common solution to a most common problem affecting many people.

LASIK may one day be replaced by intrastromal ablation via all-femtosecond correction (like Femtosecond Lenticule Extraction, FLIVC, or IntraCOR), or other techniques that avoid weakening the cornea with large incisions and deliver less energy to surrounding tissues. The 20/10 (now Technolas) FEMTEC laser has recently been used for incision-less ablation on several hundred human eyes and achieved very successful results for presbyopia, with trials ongoing for myopia and other disorders.

4.0       TYPE OF LASERS

The lasers that are used in Lasik eye surgery are truly unique and use exceptional technology.  Excimer lasers were created specifically for Lasik.  The FDA has approved each type of laser, but some lasers are better than others.  The biggest difference is the way that the beam is delivered to the eye and their ability to track eye movement. 

There are two broad categories of laser including broad beam and scanning.  There are two categories within scanning lasers including slit scanning and spot scanning.

4.1       Broad Beam Lasers

Broad beam lasers utilize a large beam diameter, ranging from 6 to 8 millimeters that cut the cornea.  The use of these lasers shortens the amount of time that is necessary to complete the surgery.  These lasers also reduce the risk of over correction due to pupil movement.  The larger diameter makes the likelihood of complications more likely, but improved technique has eliminated most of this risk.

4.2       Slit Scanning Lasers

Slit scanning lasers use smaller beams.  The beam is linked to a rotational device that has slit holes to enlarge the area that is being cut.  Slit scanning lasers provide a more uniform beam and create a smoother cut.  There is a slightly greater chance of over correction with these lasers.

4.3       Spot Scanning Lasers

Spot scanning lasers are referred to as “flying spot” lasers.  These use a small beam of 0.8 to 2 millimeters.  The beam is scanned across the cornea in order to create the area to be cut.  Spot scanning lasers have potential to create the smoothes cut.  They are also able to produce customized cuts and are able to treat irregular astigmatism.

5.0       RISKS, COMPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS

Laser eye surgery for vision correction can change your life for the better, but you need to be comfortable with taking a certain risk, as no medical procedure is totally risk-free and the results are irreversible.

Laser eye surgery has been performed for more than a decade now and over that time, the complication rate has proved to be generally low. Around 5% of patients report problems following it.

i.      The most common problems occur during the first few weeks after surgery and include:

ii.     Over- or under-correction, or residual blurry vision, which requires another ‘fine-tuning’ enhancement after three months.

iii.    Dry eyes, or inability to produce enough tears to keep the eyes comfortable, especially after LASIK.

iv.   Visual symptoms, especially after PRK, affecting night-driving ability, such as corneal haze, glare and/or haloes, starbursts around lights, blurry double vision or light sensitivity.

v.            Eye sensitivity after PRK or other surface treatments.

vi.   Other, less common problems include myopic regression (where eyesight changes back to the pre-surgery state), lower contrast sensitivity and less crisp vision, even with glasses or contact lenses.

vii.  Visually threatening complications are very rare. But as with any other surgery, there’s always a slight chance of infection, especially within the first two days after surgery. It’s rare and more common with PRK than with LASIK. Infections can lead to scarring and, in extreme cases, blindness.

viii. As it’s a fairly recent procedure, the long-term effect of removing corneal tissue is unknown, but so far no studies have suggested that there’ll be complications in the long term. Most problems discovered so far occur in the first year after surgery.

The benefits are:

i.      Clear natural vision. It means that with this laser eyes surgery (LASIK) people who have done it will get clear natural vision as normal person. Eyes vision will improve better and needless to wear eye contact or spectacles.

ii.     Pain free surgery. LASIK surgery is a surgery that doesn’t feel any pain. If you do the surgery in the evening, you can go home eat dinner take the medication doctor given for your eyes and go to sleep. In the morning, your eyes will see clearly from before.

iii.    Improvement in quality of life. Bad vision will not prevent you from becoming a pilot, professional athlete, or a part of the armed services.

iv.   Eye related problems like a squint are corrected improving your appearance and enhancing your self esteem and confidence.

v.    The surgery reduces allergies of the eye and irritations that develop from use of glasses or contact lenses.

6.0       CONCLUSION

LASIK eye surgery in which the surface of the cornea is reshaped using a laser, used to correct certain refractive disorders. As you know, when you have vision problems such as nearsightedness or even astigmatism, there is only one way to help solve this problem; removing and/or repairing your corneal tissue.

There is much talk today about laser eye surgery. This type of vision correction surgery is very effective and an easy procedure that millions of people today have already taken advantage of. Laser surgery is the best form of technology when it comes to correcting your vision.

If you are unsure as to how this laser surgery works, keep reading about this laser eyes surgery. It is quite a simple and fast procedure and within just a few minutes your vision is already altered for the better. Whether your vision is good or bad it all depends on the cornea tissue. These tissues determine how well you see up close or far away. How this procedure works is that a laser gently burns away the tissue around your cornea. Once this tissue is removed the laser then reshapes your cornea. Of course your cornea is reshaped in a different way for each person; this is how it works for everyone.

There is no easier way to correct your vision than with laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery is a procedure that is available to everybody. You can find laser surgery no matter where you live. This type of surgery is effective with no matter what type of vision correction you require. Laser surgery is completely safe and you will find yourself with little if any side effects following a laser eye surgery. Slight eye irritation is the worst of the side effects that you will experience. If you are experiencing anything worse than this, it is important to see your eye doctor as soon as possible. Your vision is very delicate you do not want to jeopardize it.

Laser eye surgery can completely alter your life in a positive way. You have never seen like you will follow this surgery. The technology is amazing and can correct your vision within just a few minutes.

REFERENCES

1.     "LASIK." Aetna InteliHealth Inc. Accessed October 18, 2006.

2.    Tahzib NG, Bootsma SJ, Eggink FA, Nabar VA, Nuijts RM. "Functional outcomes and patient satisfaction after laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of myopia." J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005 Oct;31(10):1943–51.

3.    Walter KA, Stevenson AW. "Effect of environmental factors on myopic LASIK enhancement rates." J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004 Apr;30(4):798–803.

4.    The Cataracts and Gone - and so is the Need for Glasses, by Matthew Shulman. US News and World Report December 17, 2007, page 64

5.    http://www.\LASIK\LASIK - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht

6.    http://www.allaboutvision.com